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何朝宗何許人也？這是一個(gè)一直以來(lái)從未間斷過(guò)思考的問(wèn)題。

何朝宗，一位瓷都德化明代舉世聞名的瓷塑大師，其獨(dú)樹一幟的精湛技藝和形成的“何”派藝術(shù)馳名中外，被譽(yù)為“東方藝術(shù)”的精品。

然而，關(guān)于這位聞名世界的瓷塑大師的生卒年月及個(gè)人經(jīng)歷等在地方文獻(xiàn)中卻鮮有記載。

那么，這個(gè)問(wèn)題是否能在外國(guó)作者有關(guān)“德化”“”“德化瓷”的著作中得到說(shuō)明？

近期，外國(guó)人眼中的“”欄目將對(duì)有關(guān)“何朝宗”的研究進(jìn)行梳理，以期找到其中的線索。

從何而來(lái)？萬(wàn)瓷朝宗

——美國(guó)作家Robert H. Blumenfield筆下的何朝宗（一）

美國(guó)作家Robert H. Blumenfield(普孟斐）曾于20世紀(jì)九十年代到訪德化，在他所著《Blanc de Chine—— the Great Porcelain of Dehua 》（《：偉大的德化瓷器》，Ten Speed Press出版社,2002年第1版）一書中，有以下一段記述：

“Perhaps the most emblematic moment of my entire trip occurred at the Dehua porce-lain museum.In the entrance hall there stood a huge statue of the master,He Chaozong. Imagine the effect on me when I saw that statue. As a collector of blanc de Chine, my visit to Dehua was like a Muslim's visit to Mecca. And now I found myself gazing upon a larger-than-life reproduction of the greatest blanc de Chine creator of all.”（“也許我整個(gè)行程中最具有象征意義的時(shí)刻發(fā)生在我參觀德化陶瓷博物館的時(shí)候。博物館門廳里佇立著一尊何朝宗的巨大雕像。——何朝宗，最偉大的陶瓷藝術(shù)大師！想象一下，當(dāng)我看到那座雕像時(shí)的感受。作為一個(gè)的收藏家，我對(duì)德化的訪問(wèn)就像一個(gè)穆斯林對(duì)麥加的朝覲！現(xiàn)在，我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正在凝視著一位最偉大的創(chuàng)造者的大型造像?！保ǖ禄沾刹┪镳^舊址位于德化縣東大路醒龍橋頭——編者注）

《：偉大的德化瓷器》成書于2002年，內(nèi)容涉及瓷器的歷史、款識(shí)、工藝、窯業(yè)發(fā)展等方方面面，是研究德化陶瓷生產(chǎn)、收藏、對(duì)外交流不可多得的珍貴資料。尤其值得一提的是，在書中，普孟斐對(duì)何朝宗——這位至今為止德化最偉大的瓷塑家的瓷塑作品的斷代，以及他的生平和時(shí)代，有詳細(xì)的分析：

1.何朝宗生活了九十歲？

“He Chaozong is considered the greatest maker of Dehua figures who ever lived.Chinese scholars today believe that He lived from around 1522 to 1612,but I believe these dates to be inaccurate.First,if they are correct,it means that He lived ninety years,a remarkable lifes pan for an individual of that era,given medical and hygienic practices of the time.Second,I have located a rare,dated Guanyin with a He mark on the back.If the piece is accepted as a work by He,then given its 1618 date,this indicates that He was working later into the seventeenth century than previously believed.

何朝宗被認(rèn)為是德化歷史上最偉大瓷塑家。今天的中國(guó)學(xué)者認(rèn)為他生活在1522年至1612年之間 (在中國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)雜志《文物》里，有一個(gè)關(guān)于窯址的旁注上，提供了何的生卒年大約在1522年至1612年) ，但我認(rèn)為這些日期不準(zhǔn)確。首先，如果他們是正確的，這意味著他活了90歲，考慮到當(dāng)時(shí)的醫(yī)療和衛(wèi)生水平，這是一個(gè)非凡的壽命。第二，我找到了一個(gè)罕見的、年代久遠(yuǎn)的觀音，背面有‘何’的標(biāo)記。如果這件作品是一件真正的何朝宗作品，那么根據(jù)它1618年的日期，這表明他創(chuàng)作的時(shí)間一直持續(xù)到17世紀(jì)，比之前斷定的時(shí)間要遲?！?

2.何朝宗的青壯年時(shí)期。

“In his childhood,He was surrounded by porcelain manufacturing and he learned the trade from the local masters.In his youth,he excelled at the creation of statues of Immortal sand Buddhas for palaces and temples.Some of his best-known figures from this period include a Guanyin at Bixiang Rock in Dehua,a minister in Xiawei Palace,a large figure in Chengtian Temple,and the Little Devil in Dongyue Temple.One also finds examples of He’s work in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing and in leading private collections and museums in Europe;very few are in the United States. He absorbed various design school’s techniques of clay modeing wood tooling and stone carving and combined them into his own method,which became known as the He School. He is said to have estab-lished a kiln at Hoa-so,which was operated by his family after his death.

童年時(shí)，何朝宗就受到當(dāng)?shù)卮蓸I(yè)的熏陶,對(duì)瓷器的燒制產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣，并從當(dāng)?shù)氐拇髱熌抢飳W(xué)習(xí)手藝。何朝宗早年為宮廟泥塑各種神仙佛像，如德化碧象巖的觀音、下尾宮的大使、程田寺的善才、東岳廟的小鬼。他的作品在北京故宮博物院以及歐洲領(lǐng)先的私人博物館中都有收藏；美國(guó)比較少。他的瓷塑作品，吸收泥塑、木雕和石刻造像的各種技法，博取各家之長(zhǎng)，形成獨(dú)具特色的"何派"藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。據(jù)說(shuō)，他在后所村建立了一座窯爐，在他死后由他的家人經(jīng)營(yíng)。”

（何朝宗觀音）

責(zé)任編輯：陳美珠